New CAT call

Author: Matthias Konrad

The ECMA standard introduces a new solution to the CAT call problem. Covariant redefinition of a formal argument is only possible to a detachable type:

class A
feature
   f (a: ANY) do end
end

class B1
inherit A redefine f end
feature
   f (a: STRING) do end   -- not valid
end

class B2
inherit A redefine f end
feature
   f (a: ?STRING) do end   -- valid
end

The most obvious observation is, that this weakens the new non-void typing mechanism, it is now possible to pass Void to feature f of class B2. This was probably not the intention of the programmer.

On the other side, ECMA is not very clear about what happens when an object of type INTEGER_REF is passed to feature f of B2 (this is possible through a reference of type A). Either a is attached to the INTEGER_REF object or a is detached. The former would require, that a reference of a detachable type can be either Void or attached to an object of arbitrary type. The latter, that feature f of class B2 cannot detect CAT-calls. Neither of the two seems to be acceptable.

ECMA says nothing about the CAT-call problematic for covariant generics. If the same approach would be taken as for covariant redeclaration, a type parameter would always be of a detachable type. This further weakens the non-void typing mechanism.

To give an idea of how handy the new approach is in practice, it helps to think about what the advantage of having covariance in the language is. In languages that do not support covariant redeclaration (Java, C++, C#) this feature is simulated by making an object test whenever an argument is used. But this is exactly what the Eiffel programmer will need to do in the future.

Conclusion

With the new CAT call solution Eiffel will have a much weaker support for covariance. Its advantage compared to other language will only be minimal and not justify its complexity.